临床语言学导论
露易丝•卡明斯（Louise Cumming）（英国诺丁汉特伦特大学）文
张超、李清华（南方医科大学）译
摘要：临床语言学是十分重要并不断发展的语言研究领域。但是，与主流语言学分支（如句法学、语义学）相比，该领域的研究未受重视。本文主张把临床语言学更大程度地融入语言学研究之中，因为临床语言学与语言学其它分支具有相同的知识和方法。本文首先讨论狭义和广义的临床语言学，然后考察人类交际循环的关键阶段。人类交际循环是话语表达和理解的认知与语言过程。语言和交际障碍的特征是该循环的特定环节出了问题。本文讨论语言学研究的各个分支对于语言障碍的分析，包括语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学和话语分析。我们使用一系列临床受试（包括儿童和成人）的数据作为例子来阐明这些障碍的语言特征。本文的结论是即将在《国际语言学期刊》上发表的姊妹论文的讨论和前言部分的主要论点。
关键词：失语症；言语失用症；自闭症谱系障碍；唇裂；临床语言学；痴呆；音系发展障碍；构音障碍；智障；语言障碍；右脑损伤；精神分裂症；特定性语言障碍；言语与语言治疗；脑外伤
失语症研究中的“分区说”与“反分区说”之争
李美霞（北京第二外国语学院，北京，100024）
黄思远（哥伦比亚大学，纽约）
摘要：“分区说”与“反分区说”是失语症研究历史上最有影响的两大阵营。“分区说”以布洛卡、韦尼克等人为代表，“反分区说”以杰克逊、弗洛伊德等人为代表。这两大阵营的争论影响并左右了十九世纪下半叶以来的失语研究。本文以“分区说”和“反分区说”为两条主线，概览了两大阵营中代表性人物的观点和争论的焦点以及“分区说”和“反分区说”在新世纪所遇到的挑战。笔者提出，随着神经科学、语言失语症、认知心理学等学科的发展，“分区说”和“反分区说”还会存在，但二者内部不但会有很大的修正，而且二者之间也会相互借鉴、相互融合；同时，新的研究范式也会不断涌现，失语研究将会呈现多学科—跨学科、多范式—跨范式、传统与新技术方法及其他方法并存的研究态势。
关键词：“分区说”；“反分区说”；布洛卡；韦尼克；杰克逊；弗洛伊德
The Debate between Localization and Anti-localization in the Historyof Aphasia Study
LI Meixia (Beijing International Studies University, Beijing, 100024)
HUANG Siyuan (Columbia University, New York)
Abstract: Localization and anti-localization are the two most influential camps in the history of aphasia study. Localization is represented by Paul Broca, Carl Wernicke, etc. and anti-localization is represented by John Hughlings Jackson, Sigmund Freud, etc. The debate of the two camps influences and controls the aphasia study since the second half of the nineteenth century. The present article, taking localization and anti-localization as two main threads, presents an overview of the representatives, the focus of their debate and the dilemma that the two camps face. It is proposed that, with the development of neuroscience, linguistic aphasiology, cognitive psychology, etc., localization and anti-localization will continuously exist, but the two camps will renovate themselves and will learn from each other and syncretize with each other. In the meanwhile, new paradigms will emerge and the aphasia study will display the momentum of the co-existence of a multi-disciplinary and cross-disciplinary, multi-paradigms and cross-paradigms, traditional and new methods.
Key Words:localization; anti-localization; Broca; Wernicke; Jackson; Freud
中医学，一个充满隐喻的医学知识体系
——关于中医翻译和跨文化传播的思考
兰凤利
摘要：如何翻译和传播中医学取决于如何理解中医学。中医学起源于我国，以天人合一为本体论预设前提，以取象比类为核心方法论，历经数千年的发展，形成了不同于西医学的、充满隐喻的医学知识体系。取象比类形成隐喻。基于对隐喻在中医学中重要性的理解，本文认为中医翻译与跨文化传播应遵循唯一标准——反映中医学隐喻、取象比类思维模式的翻译策略和标准,应使译语意象与原文隐喻描述意象一致，这对于传承和发展中医学至关重要。
关键词：中医学；隐喻；医学知识体系；翻译；跨文化传播
A Medical Knowledge System Full of Metaphors: Reflections on Translation and Intercultural Transmission of Chinese Medicine
Abstract:How to translate and transmit Chinese medicine depends on how to understand it. Chinese medicine, which originated in China, takesTian Ren He Yi(the Unity of Heaven and Humankind) as its ontological presupposition andQu Xiang Bi Lei(Taking Image and Analogizing) as its core methodology. It is a complete and unique medical knowledge system full of metaphors formed and developed over thousands of years, which is in no way commensurable to Western medicine.Qu Xiang Bi Leiresults in the formation of metaphors. In view of the vital significance of metaphors in Chinese medicine, this paper claims that, in translation and transmission of Chinese medicine, it is necessary to strictly apply the principle of preserving metaphors and the way ofQu Xiang Bi Leiso as to make the image of the translated version identical with that of its original. This is extremely important to the inheritation, transmission, and development of Chinese medicine.
Key words:Chinese medicine; metaphor; medical knowledge system; translation; intercultural transmission
医患门诊会话中回声问的问答模式研究
马文（山东大学临床神经语言学研究中心，济南，250100）
张帅（烟台大学外国语学院，烟台，264005）
摘要：回声问广泛存在于包括医患会话在内的言语交际之中。本文基于对5个半小时的医患门诊真实语料的会话分析，重点考察了医患门诊会话中回声问的问答模式，并从知识状态的角度加以阐释。研究发现，医患门诊中存在EQ-R、EQ-R+A、EQ-A、EQ-Rself等四种典型的回声问问答模式，反映了医患双方知识状态的不对称性以及医患双方在积极参与互动中所付出的认知努力。
关键词：回声问；问答模式；医患会话；会话分析
A Study of Patterns of Echo Questions and Responses in Chinese Doctor-patient
Conversation
MA Wen, ZHANG Shuai
(Center for Clinical Neurolinguistics of Shandong University, Jinan, 250100；
School of Foreign Languages of Yantai University, Yantai 264005)
Abstract:Echo questions are prevalent in verbal conversation, including doctor-patient interaction. With a conversation analysis of five and a half hours’ doctor-patient interaction in Chinese outpatient departments, it is found that there are four typical patterns of echo questions, i.e. EQ-R, EQ-R+A, EQ-A, and EQ-Rself.It reveals the asymmetry in epistemic status between doctor and patient, and the cognitive efforts made by each side who participates actively in the interaction.
Keywords:echo questions; patterns; doctor-patient conversation; conversation analysis
患者门诊话语中的礼貌和礼貌策略
刘兴兵（四川外国语大学英语学院 重庆400031）
许明军（湖北十堰市太和医院 湖北十堰442008）
刘琴（四川外国语大学校医院 重庆400031）
摘要：在Brown和Levinson面子理论的框架下考察了医患门诊会话中患者在言语上的礼貌，发现了患者的一些不礼貌现象以及礼貌策略的特点，分析了这些现象和特点的深层原因，并总结了适应新型门诊医患会话特点的礼貌策略，以规范和指导实际的医患互动。
关键词：礼貌；积极礼貌策略；消极礼貌策略；医患门诊会话；患者话语
Politeness and Politeness Strategies in Patients’ Discourse in Clinical Consultations
LIU Xingbing, LIU Qin
Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing 400031, China
Abstract:This thesis investigates politeness in patients’ discourse under the theoretical framework of Brown and Levinson’s face theory. First, impolite phenomena in patients’ discourse are summed up, followed by a discussion of patients’ politeness strategies. Secondly, the complex reasons for such impolite phenomena and politeness strategies are probed into in considerable depth. Lastly, suggestions concerning patients’ politeness strategies are proposed to enhance the establishment of a new doctor-patient relationship.
Key words:politeness; positive politeness strategies; negative politeness strategies; doctor-patient clinical interviews; patients’ discourse
手语失语症大脑机制研究进展
雷江华、陈影、贾玲
（华中师范大学教育学院，武汉，430079）
摘要：手语是聋人思想沟通、社会交往的主要手段，手语失语症的出现影响聋人语言发展和社会交往。研究大脑机制有助于更好认识和了解手语失语症发病原因，而探明手语失语症病因是科学认识、有效治疗手语失语症及日后康复干预和教育教学的基础。文章通过对手语失语症大脑机制基本观点及相关研究的探讨，兼论手语加工与大脑功能可塑性，以期加深对手语失语症大脑机制的认识，了解手语失语症产生的原因，也望为聋人语言康复与干预训练和聋人语言教育的发展提供一点有益的启发。
关键词：手语失语症；大脑机制；研究进展
Advances in the Study on Neural Mechanism of Sign Language Aphasia
LEI Jianghua, CHENYing, JIA Ling
(College of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079)
Abstract:Sign language is a main means of thought communication and social interaction for the deaf. Unfortunately, sign language aphasia affects the language acquisition and social interaction of the deaf. Researches on sign aphasia’s neural mechanisms help to better know the causes, in turn to have a more scientifically understanding, effective treatment, positive rehabilitation training and education in the future. This paper reviews current researches on sign language aphasia neural mechanisms and brain plasticity, with a view to deepening the comprehension towards its neural basis and causes, also looking for providing some inspiration to language rehabilitation, training and education for the deaf.
Key words:sign language; aphasia; neural mechanism; brain plasticity
运动性构音障碍患者普通话声调格局和元音格局的实验研究
蔡希睿（昆明医科大学外语部，云南昆明650500）
陈浩强（德宏州人民医院心内科，云南芒市678400）
姚畅宜（昆明医科大学外语部，云南昆明650500）
摘要：结合声学实验和音系分析的方法，探讨了一例运动性构音障碍患者汉语普通话的声调格局和元音格局。通过对比正常发音人的声调格局，发现患者除了阴平与正常发音人的发音差异不大外，其余三声均在调型和调值上与正常人发音人存在较大偏差，反映出声调表现的不稳定性，上声尤其明显；元音格局方面，与正常发音人相比，患者的元音表现为更大的游离性，反映出开口度与舌位的不稳定，元音音域存在重叠，表明患者在区分元音上的偏差。同时，阐述实验语音学在构音障碍语音评价中的应用。
关键词：构音障碍；声学实验；声调格局；元音格局
An Experimental Study on the Tone and Vowel Patterns of Mandarin Chinese in a Speaker with Dysarthria
CAI Xirui, CHEN Haoqiang, YAO Changyi
Department of Foreign Languages, Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan 650500;
Department of Cardiology, The People’s Hospital of Dehong, Mangshi Yunnan 678400
Abstract:This study investigates the tone and vowel patterns of Mandarin Chinese in a patient with dysarthria by adopting the methods of acoustic experiment and phonological analysis. Distinguishing healthy from dysarthric speech, both tone patterns and values show that the patient with dysarthria has enormous differences in Yángpíng, Shǎngshēng and Qùshēng over healthy speakers, except Yīnpíng. It also reveals the instability of dysarthric tones, especially in Shǎngshēng. For vowels, the distribution of patient’s pattern is dissociated, which results from the instable opening of jaws and position of tongue. The overlapping pitch range in the patient indicates the errors in distinguishing vowels. Meanwhile, it explains the application of experimental phonetics to speech evaluation for dysarthria.
Key words:dysarthria; acoustic experiment; tone pattern; vowel pattern
基于语料库的医学英语教材词汇评估
周榕，罗江霞
（赣南医学院人文社科学院，赣州，341000）
摘要：本文以医学英语的两套教材为样本构建语料库，参照语料库在教材评估尤其是词汇评估上的理论及研究方法，考察了两套教材在通用英语核心词汇、通用学术英语核心词汇及医学学术英语核心词汇三方面的覆盖率，以量化的方式论证了两套教材对医学英语学习的助益。最后通过绘制教材难度曲线图，对教材难度梯度进行了分析，为教材编写及评估提供参照。
关键词：医学英语；教材评估；语料库；核心词汇
A Corpus-based Evaluation of the Vocabulary in Medical English Textbooks
Zhou Rong, Luo Jiangxia
(School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China)
Abstract:The study uses two sets of medical English textbooks as corpus, and explores the theories and research methods in textbook evaluation, especially the lexical evaluation. It also examines the coverage of core vocabulary in EGP and the academic English vocabulary as well as the medical academic vocabulary in two sets of textbooks. The research proves the textbooks’ high utility for helping students to master English through empirical data. Finally, the difficulty curves of the textbooks are drawn, and the difficulty gradient is analyzed, which provide a reliable reference for the evaluation and compilation of textbooks.
Keywords:English for medical purpose; textbook evaluation; corpus; core vocabulary
《交流障碍案例分析》述评
Louise Cummings. (2016).Case Studies in Communication Disorders. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN: 9781107154872
诺丁汉特伦特大学Louise Cummings教授，是皇家学院的言语和语言治疗师，从事语言学教学、研究和语言治疗工作。她以语言病理学、心智哲学、心理语言学等多学科的视角，全面收集、剖析了语言沟通障碍的各类案例，编著了《交流障碍案例分析》一书。此书面向在读硕士、博士、语言病理学研究者和广大语言治疗师，系统、全面地介绍了语言沟通障碍的各类案例，既有深入病理知识的理论探讨，又有丰富的实践方法和研究个案，为语言交流障碍的研究与治疗提供了可操作性的实践指南。本文拟对该书内容做简单介绍和评述。
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